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Neoteny

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paedogenesis" redirects here. For the topic of soil formation, see <a href="Pedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedogenesis">Pedogenesis</a>.</div>

Neoteny (/niˈɒtəni/),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> also called juvenilization,<a href="#cite_note-Montagu-5">[5]</a> is the delaying or slowing of the <a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a>, or <a href="Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a>, development of an organism, typically an animal. <a href="Neoteny_in_humans" title="Neoteny in humans">Neoteny in modern humans</a> is more significant than in other primates.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In progenesis or paedogenesis, <a href="Sexual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual development">sexual development</a> is accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (as having the form typical of children) or paedomorphosis<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (changing towards forms typical of children), a type of <a href="Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">heterochrony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ridley-10">[10]</a> It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in <a href="Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, <a href="Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>, and <a href="Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a>. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of <a href="Larval" class="mw-redirect" title="Larval">larval</a> traits, as seen in <a href="Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schell-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2></div>

<a href="Julius_Kollmann" title="Julius Kollmann">Julius Kollmann</a> created the term "neoteny" in 1885 after he described the <a href="Axolotl" title="Axolotl">axolotl</a>'s maturation while remaining in a <a href="Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpole</a>-like aquatic stage complete with gills, unlike other adult <a href="Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> like frogs and toads.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogin1999-15">[15]</a>

The word neoteny is borrowed from the <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> Neotenie, the latter constructed by Kollmann from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> νέος (neos, "young") and τείνειν (teínein, "to stretch, to extend"). The <a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> is either "neotenic" or "neotenous".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> For the opposite of "neotenic", different authorities use either "gerontomorphic"<a href="#cite_note-Henke-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hether-18">[18]</a> or "<a href="Peramorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peramorphosis">peramorphic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Hall-19">[19]</a> Bogin points out that Kollmann had intended the meaning to be "retaining youth", but had evidently confused the Greek teínein with the Latin tenere, which had the meaning he wanted, "to retain", so that the new word would mean "the retaining of youth (into adulthood)".<a href="#cite_note-Bogin1999-15">[15]</a>

In 1926, <a href="Louis_Bolk" title="Louis Bolk">Louis Bolk</a> described neoteny as the major process in humanization.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogin1999-15">[15]</a> In his 1977 book <a href="Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny">Ontogeny and Phylogeny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> noted that Bolk's account constituted an attempted justification for "scientific" racism and sexism, but acknowledged that Bolk had been right in the core idea that humans differ from other <a href="Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a> in becoming sexually mature in an infantile stage of body development.<a href="#cite_note-Bogin1999-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_humans">In humans</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Neoteny_in_humans" title="Neoteny in humans">Neoteny in humans</a></div>

Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human <a href="Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by <a href="Sexual_selection_in_human_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual selection in human evolution">sexual selection in human evolution</a>. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in <a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> states a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."<a href="#cite_note-Montagu-5">[5]</a> <a href="Del_Thiessen" title="Del Thiessen">Delbert D. Thiessen</a> said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face."<a href="#cite_note-Bitter-23">[23]</a> Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of <a href="Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> for neotenous female faces.<a href="#cite_note-DJones-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_domestic_animals">In domestic animals</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">Domestication of animals</a></div>

Neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-25">[25]</a> This is because there are more resources available, less competition for those resources, and with the lowered competition the animals expend less energy obtaining those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly than their wild counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-25">[25]</a> The environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a behavioral trait is selected for, a physical trait may also be selected for due to mechanisms like <a href="Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">linkage disequilibrium</a>. Often, juvenile behaviors are selected for in order to more easily domesticate a species; aggressiveness in certain species comes with adulthood when there is a need to compete for resources. If there is no need for competition, then there is no need for aggression. Selecting for juvenile behavioral characteristics can lead to neoteny in physical characteristics because, for example, with the reduced need for behaviors like aggression, there is no need for developed traits that would help in that area. Traits that may become neotenized due to decreased aggression may be a shorter muzzle and smaller general size among the domesticated individuals. Some common neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals (mainly rabbits, dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, and even foxes) include floppy ears, changes in the reproductive cycle, curly tails, <a href="Piebald" title="Piebald">piebald</a> coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bertone,_J._2006-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

When the role of dogs expanded from just being <a href="Working_Group_(dogs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Working Group (dogs)">working dogs</a> to also being <a href="Companion_dog" title="Companion dog">companions</a>, humans started <a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> dogs for <a href="Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened the human-canine bond."<a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-29">[29]</a> Humans bred dogs to have more "juvenile physical traits" as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes which are associated with puppies because people usually consider these traits to be more attractive. Some breeds of dogs with short snouts and broad heads such as the <a href="Komondor" title="Komondor">Komondor</a>, <a href="St._Bernard_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bernard (dog)">Saint Bernard</a> and <a href="Maremma_Sheepdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Maremma Sheepdog">Maremma Sheepdog</a> are more morphologically neotenous than other breeds of dogs.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="Cavalier_King_Charles_spaniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier King Charles spaniel">Cavalier King Charles spaniels</a> are an example of selection for neoteny because they exhibit large eyes, pendant-shaped ears and compact feet, giving them a morphology similar to puppies as adults.<a href="#cite_note-McGreevy-29">[29]</a>

In 2004, a study that used 310 wolf skulls and over 700 dog skulls representing 100 breeds concluded that the evolution of dog skulls can generally not be described by heterochronic processes such as neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls that resemble the skulls of juvenile wolves.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By 2011, the findings by the same researcher were simply "Dogs are not paedomorphic wolves."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_animals">In other animals</h2></div>

Neoteny has been observed in many other species. It is important to note the difference between partial and full neoteny when looking at other species, to distinguish between juvenile traits which are advantageous in the short term and traits which are beneficial throughout the organism's life; this might provide insight into the cause of neoteny in a species. Partial neoteny is the retention of the larval form beyond the usual age of maturation, with possible sexual development (progenesis) and eventual maturation into the adult form; this is seen in the frog <a href="Lithobates_clamitans" title="Lithobates clamitans">Lithobates clamitans</a>. Full neoteny is seen in <a href="Axolotl" title="Axolotl">Ambystoma mexicanum</a> and some populations of <a href="Tiger_salamander" title="Tiger salamander">Ambystoma tigrinum</a>, which remain in larval form throughout their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Swingle,_W._1922_pp.397-421-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Lithobates clamitans is partially neotenous; it delays maturation during the winter as fewer resources are available; it can find resources more easily in its larval form. This encompasses both of the main causes of neoteny; the energy required to survive in the winter as a newly-formed adult is too great, so the organism exhibits neotenous characteristics until it can better survive as an adult. Ambystoma tigrinum retains its neoteny for a similar reason; however, the retention is permanent due to the lack of available resources throughout its lifetime. This is another example of an environmental cause of neoteny. Several avian species, such as the <a href="Manakin" title="Manakin">manakins</a> <a href="Long-tailed_manakin" title="Long-tailed manakin">Chiroxiphia linearis</a> and <a href="Blue_manakin" title="Blue manakin">Chiroxiphia caudata</a>, exhibit partial neoteny. The males of both species retain juvenile plumage into adulthood, losing it when they are fully mature.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Neoteny is commonly seen in flightless insects, such as the females of the order <a href="Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>. Flightlessness in insects has evolved separately a number of times; factors which may have contributed to the separate evolution of flightlessness are high altitude, geographic isolation (islands), and low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa,_P._1989-36">[36]</a> Under these environmental conditions, dispersal would be disadvantageous; heat is lost more rapidly through wings in colder climates. The <a href="Larviform_female" title="Larviform female">females</a> of certain insect groups become sexually mature without metamorphosis, and some do not develop wings. Flightlessness in some female insects has been linked to higher <a href="Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa,_P._1989-36">[36]</a> <a href="Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> are an example of insects which may never develop wings, depending on their environment. If resources are abundant on a host plant, there is no need to grow wings and disperse. If resources become diminished, their offspring may develop wings to disperse to other host plants.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison1980-37">[37]</a>

Two environments which favor neoteny are high altitudes and cool temperatures, because neotenous individuals have more fitness than individuals which metamorphose into an adult form. The energy required for metamorphosis detracts from individual fitness, and neotenous individuals can utilize available resources more easily.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder,_R._1956-38">[38]</a> This trend is seen in a comparison of salamander species at lower and higher altitudes; in a cool, high-altitude environment, neotenous individuals survive more and are more fecund than those which metamorphose into adult form.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder,_R._1956-38">[38]</a> Insects in cooler environments tend to exhibit neoteny in flight because wings have a high surface area and lose heat quickly; it is disadvantageous for insects to metamorphose into adults.<a href="#cite_note-Barbosa,_P._1989-36">[36]</a>

Many species of salamander, and amphibians in general, exhibit environmental neoteny. <a href="Axolotl" title="Axolotl">Axolotl</a> and <a href="Olm" title="Olm">olm</a> are <a href="Perennibranchiate" title="Perennibranchiate">perennibranchiate</a> salamander species which retain their juvenile aquatic form throughout adulthood, examples of full neoteny. Gills are a common juvenile characteristic in amphibians which are kept after maturation; examples are the tiger salamander and rough-skinned newt, both of which retain gills into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Swingle,_W._1922_pp.397-421-33">[33]</a>

<a href="Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobos</a> share many physical characteristics with humans, including neotenous skulls.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a> The shape of their skull does not change into adulthood (only increasing in size), due to <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> and an evolutionary change in the timing of development.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a>

In some groups, such as the insect families <a href="Gerridae" title="Gerridae">Gerridae</a>, <a href="Delphacidae" title="Delphacidae">Delphacidae</a> and <a href="Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">Carabidae</a>, energy costs result in neoteny; many species in these families have <a href="Brachyptery" title="Brachyptery">small</a>, neotenous wings or <a href="Aptery" title="Aptery">none at all</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison1980-37">[37]</a> Some cricket species shed their wings in adulthood;<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-40">[40]</a> in the genus Ozopemon, males (thought to be the first example of neoteny in <a href="Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>) are significantly smaller than females due to <a href="Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the termite <a href="Kalotermes_flavicollis" title="Kalotermes flavicollis">Kalotermes flavicollis</a>, neoteny is seen in molting females.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-42">[42]</a>

In other species, such as the <a href="Northwestern_salamander" title="Northwestern salamander">northwestern salamander</a> (Ambystoma gracile), environmental conditions – high altitude, in this case – cause neoteny.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Neoteny is also found in a few species of the crustacean family <a href="Asellota#Classification" title="Asellota">Ischnomesidae</a>, which live in deep ocean water.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

Neoteny is an ancient, pervasive phenomenon. In <a href="Urodeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Urodeles">urodeles</a>, many extant taxa are neotenic,<a href="#cite_note-Wiens_et_al._2005-45">[45]</a> and both morphological <a href="#cite_note-Evans_et_al._1988-46">[46]</a> and histological data suggest that the Middle <a href="Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> taxon <a href="Marmorerpeton" title="Marmorerpeton">Marmorerpeton</a> was neotenic.<a href="#cite_note-de_Buffrénil_et_al._2015-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subcellular_neoteny">Subcellular neoteny</h2></div>

Neoteny is usually used to describe animal development; however, neoteny is also seen in the cell <a href="Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a>. It was suggested that subcellular neoteny could explain why <a href="Sperm_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cells">sperm cells</a> have atypical <a href="Centrioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrioles">centrioles</a>. One of the two sperm centrioles of <a href="Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">fruit fly</a> exhibit the retention of "juvenile" centriole structure, which can be described as centriolar "neoteny". This neotenic, atypical centriole is known as the <a href="Proximal_Centriole-Like" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal Centriole-Like">Proximal Centriole-Like</a>. Typical centrioles form via a step by step process in which a cartwheel forms, then develops to become a procentriole, and further matures into a centriole. The neotenic centriole of fruit fly resembles an early procentriole.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li>

<li><a href="Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Larviform_female" title="Larviform female">Larviform female</a></li>

<li><a href="Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">Moe (slang)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotenic_complex_syndrome" title="Neotenic complex syndrome">Neotenic complex syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotenin">Neotenin</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Montagu-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_5-1">b</a> Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paedomorphic">"Paedomorphic"</a>. 21 January 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-de_Buffrénil_et_al._2015-47"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Buffrénil_et_al._2015_47-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_BuffrénilCanovilleEvansLaurin2015" class="citation journal cs1">de Buffrénil, Vivian; Canoville, Aurore; Evans, Susan E.; Laurin, Michel (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2013.869800">"Histological study of karaurids, the oldest known (stem) urodeles"</a>. Historical Biology. 27 (1): 109–114. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HBio...27..109D">2015HBio...27..109D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2013.869800">10.1080/08912963.2013.869800</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAvidor-ReissTurner2019" class="citation cs2">Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Turner, Katerina (2019), Kloc, Malgorzata (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_1">"The Evolution of Centriole Structure: Heterochrony, Neoteny, and Hypermorphosis"</a>, The Golgi Apparatus and Centriole: Functions, Interactions and Role in Disease, Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol. 67, Cham: Springer International, pp. 3–15, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23173-6_1">10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_1</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-23173-6</bdi>, <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7576685">7576685</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31435789">31435789</a>, retrieved 12 October 2023</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bergstorm, Carl T. & Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2012). Evolution, W.W. Norton <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>039391349X</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="The_development_of_phenotype252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">development</a> of <a href="Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_distinction" title="Genotype–phenotype distinction">Genotype–phenotype distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Reaction_norm" title="Reaction norm">Reaction norm</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene%E2%80%93environment_interaction" title="Gene–environment interaction">Gene–environment interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene%E2%80%93environment_correlation" title="Gene–environment correlation">Gene–environment correlation</a></li>

<li><a href="Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">Heterochrony</a>

<li><a href="Heterotopy" title="Heterotopy">Heterotopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetic_architecture" title="Genetic architecture">Genetic architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a>/<a href="Evolutionary_landscape" title="Evolutionary landscape">evolutionary landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Plasticity</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygenic_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic inheritance">Polygenic inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_segregation" title="Transgressive segregation">Transgressive segregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequence_space_(evolution)" title="Sequence space (evolution)">Sequence space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-genetic influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_effect" title="Maternal effect">Maternal effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">Genomic imprinting</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">Polyphenism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">Segmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">Metamerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution of genetic systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></li>

<li><a href="Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">Robustness</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_network_(evolution)" title="Neutral network (evolution)">Neutral networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_tinkering" title="Evolutionary tinkering">Tinkering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation of gene expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li>

<li><a href="Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">Evo-devo gene toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling pathway</a></li>

<li><a href="Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch signaling pathway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Homeotic_gene" title="Homeotic gene">Homeotic gene</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a>

<ul><li><a href="PAX6" title="PAX6">eyeless gene</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">Distal-less</a></li>

<li><a href="Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)">Engrailed</a></li>

<li><a href="Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li>

<li><a href="Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphogen" title="Morphogen">Morphogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Cell surface receptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C._H._Waddington" title="C. H. Waddington">C. H. Waddington</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> + <a href="Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">Lac operon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_McGinnis" title="William McGinnis">William McGinnis</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Levine_(biologist)" title="Michael Levine (biologist)">Mike Levine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sean_B._Carroll" title="Sean B. Carroll">Sean B. Carroll</a>

<ul><li><a href="Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(book)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (book)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphogenetic_field" title="Morphogenetic field">Morphogenetic field</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Neoteny&oldid=1299860803">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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